Definition of Gerund and Participle

GERUND
A gerund is a noun which is derived from a verb with "ing" added at the end of the
word to indicate continuing action. Example of gerunds include:
 dancing

When used in a sentence, the gerund looks like the following examples:
 I am swimming in the pool.

Gerunds as Nouns
 Dancing is enjoyable.
In this example, the word dancing is a gerund because it is the subject of the sentence.
 Tony enjoys dancing.
In the sentence, the gerund dancing is functioning as the direct object of the sentence.


PARTICIPLES

Present Participle
Past Participle
Perfect Participle

present participle is the ing-form.:
 From progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.
 As an adjective form – The film is interesting.

Past Participle
  From perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.
 From passive voice – The letter was written.

 As an adjective form – I was bored to death.

Perfect Participle
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject
if …
 … One action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the
next action starts.
Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled
home.

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
 Active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.
 Passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked
delicious.)