Friday, August 28, 2015
Sunday, August 23, 2015
WS ---The State Government
Q I State whether the statements are true or false:
1. India has a federal government. – True.
2. The Union Territories are governed by the state government. – False.
3. The State Legislature cannot make any amendments in the Constitution. –
False.
4. The Chief Minister and his council of ministers is not answerable to the State
Legislature. – False.
5. An individual qualified to be a High Court judge is eligible to be an Advocate
General. – True.
Q II Complete the flow chart.
State Legislature
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
Q V Imagine you are the Governor of your state. Write about the qualifications you have for the post.
I am a citizen of India.
I am not less than 35 years of age.
I should not be a Member of Parliament or any of the State Legislatures.
I must not hold any office of the government
1. India has a federal government. – True.
2. The Union Territories are governed by the state government. – False.
3. The State Legislature cannot make any amendments in the Constitution. –
False.
4. The Chief Minister and his council of ministers is not answerable to the State
Legislature. – False.
5. An individual qualified to be a High Court judge is eligible to be an Advocate
General. – True.
Q II Complete the flow chart.
State Legislature
Vidhan Sabha
- Not more than 500members and not lessthan 60.
- Duration of 5 years but acan be dissolved earleier under certain circumstances
Vidhan Parishad
- 1/3 of the members of Vidhan Sabha but not less than 40 mmebres.
- Ther are called MLCs A permanent house,cant be dissolved, 1/3 of its members retire every 2 years
Q V Imagine you are the Governor of your state. Write about the qualifications you have for the post.
I am a citizen of India.
I am not less than 35 years of age.
I should not be a Member of Parliament or any of the State Legislatures.
I must not hold any office of the government
W S-- The Legacy of the Mughals
1. Where was Babur born? – Farghana.
2. Write the qualities of Babur. - Bābur was a military adventurer, a soldier of
distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman.
3. Why did Babur wish to come to India? – Lured by India’s wealth.
4. How did first battle of Panipat help Babur? – Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi
and brought the entire area upto Delhi and Agra under his control.
Q II She Shah devised a brilliant and a very well organized administrative system Highlight the reforms started by him. Discuss and write their relevancy in present times.
Sher Shah”s land revenue reforms served as the model for future agrarian
system.
He introduced a silver coin rupee or rupia. His currency and tariff reforms
facilitated the growth of trade and commerce.
He built an excellent chain of raods and connected the important places
of his empire. The Grand Trunk road was the longest road of all major roads
that he built. He built sarais along the roads for the travelers to take rest.
His reforms also included improvement of communication and
maintainence of a strong and large army. He reorganized the police
system to secure peace and order.
He contributed significantly in the field of architecture. (Points from the
text)
The reforms are still relevant in today’s times as we still are a agrarian
economy. We do need efficient roads system for transportation. We also need
an efficient police system to secure peace and order.
1. Identify the person. - Akbar
2. Name the important places that he captured in the Deccan to consolidate
his position. – Berar, Khandesh, part of Ahmednagar.
3. Name the new religion started by this person. – Din-i-Ilahi
IV Explain the role of each of the following posts in Akbar’s Mansabdari system.
Zat – Zat meaning a peraonal which fixed the military status and salary of
the mansabdar.
Sawar – Specified number of cavalrymen which was to be maintained by
the mansabdar.
Q V Nur Jahan’s exerted a great deal of influence on Jahangir. Do you think her
domination in the royal affairs was appropriate? Why?
Shah Jahan used to ask Nur Jahan for political advice. I think it is a good idea
to take suggestions from anyone who can guide properly. So her domination
in royal affairs was appropriate.
Q VI Analyse Aurangzeb’s personality as a ruler from the information you have in
your text.
Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the "Great Mughals."
However, his ruthlessness, treachery and intolerance surely contributed to the
weakening of the once-great empire. Aurangzeb was a fearless man who
knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the
Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend for itself leading to revolts.
2. Write the qualities of Babur. - Bābur was a military adventurer, a soldier of
distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman.
3. Why did Babur wish to come to India? – Lured by India’s wealth.
4. How did first battle of Panipat help Babur? – Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi
and brought the entire area upto Delhi and Agra under his control.
Q II She Shah devised a brilliant and a very well organized administrative system Highlight the reforms started by him. Discuss and write their relevancy in present times.
Sher Shah”s land revenue reforms served as the model for future agrarian
system.
He introduced a silver coin rupee or rupia. His currency and tariff reforms
facilitated the growth of trade and commerce.
He built an excellent chain of raods and connected the important places
of his empire. The Grand Trunk road was the longest road of all major roads
that he built. He built sarais along the roads for the travelers to take rest.
His reforms also included improvement of communication and
maintainence of a strong and large army. He reorganized the police
system to secure peace and order.
He contributed significantly in the field of architecture. (Points from the
text)
The reforms are still relevant in today’s times as we still are a agrarian
economy. We do need efficient roads system for transportation. We also need
an efficient police system to secure peace and order.
1. Identify the person. - Akbar
2. Name the important places that he captured in the Deccan to consolidate
his position. – Berar, Khandesh, part of Ahmednagar.
3. Name the new religion started by this person. – Din-i-Ilahi
IV Explain the role of each of the following posts in Akbar’s Mansabdari system.
Zat – Zat meaning a peraonal which fixed the military status and salary of
the mansabdar.
Sawar – Specified number of cavalrymen which was to be maintained by
the mansabdar.
Q V Nur Jahan’s exerted a great deal of influence on Jahangir. Do you think her
domination in the royal affairs was appropriate? Why?
Shah Jahan used to ask Nur Jahan for political advice. I think it is a good idea
to take suggestions from anyone who can guide properly. So her domination
in royal affairs was appropriate.
Q VI Analyse Aurangzeb’s personality as a ruler from the information you have in
your text.
Emperor Aurangzeb is considered to be the last of the "Great Mughals."
However, his ruthlessness, treachery and intolerance surely contributed to the
weakening of the once-great empire. Aurangzeb was a fearless man who
knew what he had to do in order to survive. Unfortunately, his choices left the
Mughal Empire itself far less able to fend for itself leading to revolts.
W S --DELHI SULTANATE
Q I Choose the correct answer
1. The Afghan-Turkish rule lasted in India for
a) Fifteen years b) Twenty years
c) Twenty-five years d) One hundred years
2. The Sayyid dynasty followed the
a) Slave dynasty b) Khalji dynasty
c) Tughlaq dynasty d) Lodhi dynasty
3. He was the last Lodhi ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
a) Bahlul Lodhi b) Ibrahim Lodhi
c) Sikandar Lodhi d) Firoz Lodhi
Q II Razia Sultana was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate
and the Mughal period. Inspite of being an able ruler she was
not allowed to rule for long.
Discuss and write the reasons behind this discrimination
Razia was a capable administrator but the Muslim nobility had no intention of
acceding to Iltutmish's appointment of a woman as heir. It was the tradition
of gender stereotyping towards women that led the male majority in the
kingdom go against her. It is an example of gender inequality and
discrimination.
Q III Imagine you are a peasant in Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s reign and you
cannot pay the taxes demanded by the king. Prepare a report on the
condition of the peasants and suggest measures to solve the problem.
Doab is the fertile land between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Ghiyas-uddin
had reduced the land revenue to one-tenth, but Mohammed tried to
raise the revenue once again.
Unfortunately, that very year the rains failed and the region came under the
grip of famine. The farmers therefore could not pay the taxes. Many of the
farmers were caught and punished while others left their lands and ran off to
the jungles to escape the tyranny of the Sultan’s officers. When Mohammed
realized this, he ordered his officers to spare the farmers and sanctioned
financial help to them. But it was too late as the families of many farmers had
already died of starvation and lands had also become barren.
Suggestions to solve the problem:
Discussion- Meet the king and present the problem as an individual
matter.
Make group – Join with other farmers and make a group to meet the king
and present the problem.
Develop a plan – Develop an alternative plan for the king to make
receive income for his army.
Research and brainstorm on the cause and effect of the situation and
gain the kings attention to it.
Q V Evaluate Alauddin Khalji’s price control system.
Write your opinion on whether the control of pricing is needed in today’s
times? Give one way in which Alauddin Khalji’s reforms system can be useful for pricing system of today.
It was the most significant reform of Alauddin. He advised the price control
system as he was in need of large standing army to save Delhi. The Sultan
paid salaries to his soldiers in cash in lieu of iqtas. To enable the soldiers to
lead their life on a moderate pay, he controlled the prices of all the articles in
Delhi. He fixed the prices on the basis of careful survey done by his officers
and setup markets. Anyone caught hoarding goods or a merchant did not
sell the commodities at the prescribed rates was punished.
Yes I feel there should be control on pricing today as the rate of the products
is so high that the common man cannot buy easily. Strict punishment given
by Alaudin should be followed in today’s times to avoid hoarding and selling
commodities in higher rates
1. The Afghan-Turkish rule lasted in India for
a) Fifteen years b) Twenty years
c) Twenty-five years d) One hundred years
2. The Sayyid dynasty followed the
a) Slave dynasty b) Khalji dynasty
c) Tughlaq dynasty d) Lodhi dynasty
3. He was the last Lodhi ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
a) Bahlul Lodhi b) Ibrahim Lodhi
c) Sikandar Lodhi d) Firoz Lodhi
Q II Razia Sultana was the only woman ruler of both the Sultanate
and the Mughal period. Inspite of being an able ruler she was
not allowed to rule for long.
Discuss and write the reasons behind this discrimination
Razia was a capable administrator but the Muslim nobility had no intention of
acceding to Iltutmish's appointment of a woman as heir. It was the tradition
of gender stereotyping towards women that led the male majority in the
kingdom go against her. It is an example of gender inequality and
discrimination.
Q III Imagine you are a peasant in Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s reign and you
cannot pay the taxes demanded by the king. Prepare a report on the
condition of the peasants and suggest measures to solve the problem.
Doab is the fertile land between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna. Ghiyas-uddin
had reduced the land revenue to one-tenth, but Mohammed tried to
raise the revenue once again.
Unfortunately, that very year the rains failed and the region came under the
grip of famine. The farmers therefore could not pay the taxes. Many of the
farmers were caught and punished while others left their lands and ran off to
the jungles to escape the tyranny of the Sultan’s officers. When Mohammed
realized this, he ordered his officers to spare the farmers and sanctioned
financial help to them. But it was too late as the families of many farmers had
already died of starvation and lands had also become barren.
Suggestions to solve the problem:
Discussion- Meet the king and present the problem as an individual
matter.
Make group – Join with other farmers and make a group to meet the king
and present the problem.
Develop a plan – Develop an alternative plan for the king to make
receive income for his army.
Research and brainstorm on the cause and effect of the situation and
gain the kings attention to it.
Q V Evaluate Alauddin Khalji’s price control system.
Write your opinion on whether the control of pricing is needed in today’s
times? Give one way in which Alauddin Khalji’s reforms system can be useful for pricing system of today.
It was the most significant reform of Alauddin. He advised the price control
system as he was in need of large standing army to save Delhi. The Sultan
paid salaries to his soldiers in cash in lieu of iqtas. To enable the soldiers to
lead their life on a moderate pay, he controlled the prices of all the articles in
Delhi. He fixed the prices on the basis of careful survey done by his officers
and setup markets. Anyone caught hoarding goods or a merchant did not
sell the commodities at the prescribed rates was punished.
Yes I feel there should be control on pricing today as the rate of the products
is so high that the common man cannot buy easily. Strict punishment given
by Alaudin should be followed in today’s times to avoid hoarding and selling
commodities in higher rates
Friday, August 21, 2015
EXERCISE FOR GERUND AND NON-FINITE VERB
Topic: Verbs- Non-Finite Verbs
Fill in the blanks with appropriate gerund or
infinitive.
1. She decided ____________ (move) to another
city.
2. Alicia enjoys ____________ (watch) soap
operas on television.
3. She refuses ____________ (listen) to her father.
4. Students want ____________ (get) good
grades.
5. Many drivers avoid ____________ (drive) in
traffic.
6. Do you feel like ____________ (eat) a
hamburger?
7. I can't imagine ____________ (jump) out of a
flying jet.
8. The president wishes ____________ (end) the
war.
9. I would love____________ (see) that movie. I
heard it's really good.
10. Mrs. Rogala is a really good teacher. She
always offers ____________ (help) her students.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate gerund or
infinitive.
1. She decided ____________ (move) to another
city.
2. Alicia enjoys ____________ (watch) soap
operas on television.
3. She refuses ____________ (listen) to her father.
4. Students want ____________ (get) good
grades.
5. Many drivers avoid ____________ (drive) in
traffic.
6. Do you feel like ____________ (eat) a
hamburger?
7. I can't imagine ____________ (jump) out of a
flying jet.
8. The president wishes ____________ (end) the
war.
9. I would love____________ (see) that movie. I
heard it's really good.
10. Mrs. Rogala is a really good teacher. She
always offers ____________ (help) her students.
Definition of Gerund and Participle
GERUND
A gerund is a noun which is derived from a verb with "ing" added at the end of the
word to indicate continuing action. Example of gerunds include:
dancing
When used in a sentence, the gerund looks like the following examples:
I am swimming in the pool.
Gerunds as Nouns
Dancing is enjoyable.
In this example, the word dancing is a gerund because it is the subject of the sentence.
Tony enjoys dancing.
In the sentence, the gerund dancing is functioning as the direct object of the sentence.
PARTICIPLES
Present Participle
Past Participle
Perfect Participle
present participle is the ing-form.:
From progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.
As an adjective form – The film is interesting.
Past Participle
From perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.
From passive voice – The letter was written.
As an adjective form – I was bored to death.
Perfect Participle
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject
if …
… One action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the
next action starts.
Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled
home.
The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
Active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.
Passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked
delicious.)
A gerund is a noun which is derived from a verb with "ing" added at the end of the
word to indicate continuing action. Example of gerunds include:
dancing
When used in a sentence, the gerund looks like the following examples:
I am swimming in the pool.
Gerunds as Nouns
Dancing is enjoyable.
In this example, the word dancing is a gerund because it is the subject of the sentence.
Tony enjoys dancing.
In the sentence, the gerund dancing is functioning as the direct object of the sentence.
PARTICIPLES
Present Participle
Past Participle
Perfect Participle
present participle is the ing-form.:
From progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.
As an adjective form – The film is interesting.
Past Participle
From perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.
From passive voice – The letter was written.
As an adjective form – I was bored to death.
Perfect Participle
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject
if …
… One action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the
next action starts.
Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled
home.
The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
Active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.
Passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked
delicious.)
The legacy of Mughals
Why did Timur attack India?
Timur
attacked India in 1398 CE as a part of his
aggressive territorial
conquests.
What was the reason for downfall of the Delhi Sultanate?
Ibrahim Lodi
was
killed by
Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526 CE), leading to the collapse
of the Delhi Sultanate and
the founding of the Mughal rule in India.
When did Babur ascend the throne?
(In 1494 CE,
Babur, the first Mughal ruler
of India,
succeeded his father to the throne of Farghana (a small principality
in Transoxiana), just at the
age of twelve
.
Name the battles in which Humayun was defeated.
The Battle of
Chausa
(1539 CE) and
the Battle of Kanauj (1540 CE) proved decisive and Humayun
had to face the defeat at
the hands of Sher Khan.
Name the Afghan king who dethroned Humayun.
Sher Khan
Who founded the Sur dynasty?
The dynasty
founded by Sher Shah Sur (also
referred to as Sher Khan was
known as the Sur dynasty.
What was the importance of Sher Shah’s currency reform?
Sher Shah’s
currency and tariff reforms
facilitated the growth of trade and commerce.
Why was Akbar the undisputed ruler of India?
he became the
undisputed
ruler of the
Mughal empire which extended from the Himalayas to the
Godavari and from Hindukush
mountains to the Brahmaputra.
Which Rajput kings did Akbar admit into his
administration?
He admitted
Rajput kings
such as Raja Todar Mal and Man Singh into Mughal
administration.
How did Akbar expand his empire?
Akbar
followed a policy of conquests
and annexations to expand
his empire
Between whom the Battle of Panipat I and II were fought?
(First
Battle of
Panipat
was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi and
second Battle of
Panipat was
fought between Akbar and
Hemu.
When did Akbar die?
(Akbar died in 1605 CE
Who ascended the throne after Akbar’s death?
Akbar’s
eldest son,
Jahangir, succeeded to the
throne.
What caused fraction in Jahangir’s court?
Without
junta’s support, no one
could advance
in his career and that caused two factions in the court; one
being Nur Jahan, the ‘junta’
and the other, its opponents.
Whom did Jahangir defeat when he ascended the throne?
Jahangir
defeated Khusrau ( his son)
and imprisoned him. )
When did Shah Jahan ascend the throne?
Shah Jahan or
Prince Khurram
ascended the throne in 1628
CE.
Why was shah Jahan’s rule notable?
His reign was
notable for
successes
against the Deccan states. Ahmednagar had been annexed,
and Golconda
and Bijapur forced to become vassals and acknowledged
him as overlord.
Saturday, August 15, 2015
Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere
QII. Complete the fill the blanks given below:
The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere.
Many jet aircraft fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable.
• Meteors burn up in the mesosphere.
• The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. It is also where the space shuttle orbits.
• The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
Q IV Hots questions:
If there was no atmosphere what would happen?
We wouldn't be able to breathe.
The surface would be exposed to cosmic rays. Any electromagnetic radiation (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) would reach the ground unhampered.
Liquid water or ice water would quickly evaporate .
The surface of the earth would be much colder
The difference in temperature between the day side and the night side would be more extreme
S.st W S --Gradational Landform
Q I Complete the passage by filling in the missing words:
Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on
Earth’s surface. Water, ice, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in
temperature are all agents of weathering. Once the rock has been broken
down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals
away. No rock on the Earth’s surface is hard enough to resist weathering.
Weathering and erosion constantly change the Earth. Weathering wears
away exposed surfaces over time. It smoothes sharp, rough areas on
rocks. Weathering also helps create soil as tiny bits of weathered rock mix
with plant and animal remains. Weathering can be a mechanical or a
chemical process. Often, these two types of weathering work together.
1. Identify the landform in the picture.
Ox – bow lake
2. How is this particular design formed?
An oxbow is a crescent-shaped lake lying alongside a winding river. The
oxbow lake is created over time as erosion and deposits of soil change
the river's course.
Think and answer
Follow the clue and write the answer in the box give below:
BREAKING DOWN OF ROCKS: weathering
ANOTHER NAME FOR PHYSICAL WEATHERING : erosion
SEEPAGE OF RAINWATER,FREEZING,EXPANSION & BREAKING OF
ROCKS : Freeze-thaw weathering
A TYPE OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING : carbonation
THIS HAPPENS DUE TO WORK OF WIND: wind erosion
Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on
Earth’s surface. Water, ice, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in
temperature are all agents of weathering. Once the rock has been broken
down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals
away. No rock on the Earth’s surface is hard enough to resist weathering.
Weathering and erosion constantly change the Earth. Weathering wears
away exposed surfaces over time. It smoothes sharp, rough areas on
rocks. Weathering also helps create soil as tiny bits of weathered rock mix
with plant and animal remains. Weathering can be a mechanical or a
chemical process. Often, these two types of weathering work together.
1. Identify the landform in the picture.
Ox – bow lake
2. How is this particular design formed?
An oxbow is a crescent-shaped lake lying alongside a winding river. The
oxbow lake is created over time as erosion and deposits of soil change
the river's course.
Think and answer
Follow the clue and write the answer in the box give below:
BREAKING DOWN OF ROCKS: weathering
ANOTHER NAME FOR PHYSICAL WEATHERING : erosion
SEEPAGE OF RAINWATER,FREEZING,EXPANSION & BREAKING OF
ROCKS : Freeze-thaw weathering
A TYPE OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING : carbonation
THIS HAPPENS DUE TO WORK OF WIND: wind erosion
Sunday, August 9, 2015
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